Modernist materials synthesis: Finding thermodynamic shortcuts with hyperdimensional chemistry

Synthesis remains a challenge for advancing materials science. A key focus of this challenge is how to enable selective synthesis, particularly as it pertains to metastable materials. This perspective addresses the question: how can “spectator” elements, such as those found in double ion exchange (metathesis) reactions, enable selective materials synthesis? By observing reaction pathways as they happen (in situ) and calculating their energetics using modern computational thermodynamics, we observe transient, crystalline intermediates that suggest that many reactions attain a local thermodynamic equilibrium dictated by local chemical potentials far before achieving a global equilibrium set by the average composition. Using this knowledge, one can thermodynamically “shortcut” unfavorable intermediates by including additional elements beyond those of the desired target, providing access to a greater number of intermediates with advantageous energetics and selective phase nucleation. Ultimately, data-driven modeling that unites first-principles approaches with experimental insights will refine the accuracy of emerging predictive retrosynthetic models for complex materials synthesis.